La osteoporosis es una enfermedad esquelética en la que se produce una disminución de la densidad de masa ósea. Así, los huesos se vuelven más porosos, aumenta el número y el tamaño de las cavidades o celdillas que existen en su interior, son más frágiles, resisten peor los golpes y se rompen con mayor facilidad.
Causas
En el interior del hueso se producen durante toda la vida numerosos cambios metabólicos, alternando fases de destrucción y formación de hueso. Estas fases están reguladas por distintas hormonas, la actividad física, la dieta, los hábitos tóxicos y la vitamina D, entre otros factores.
En condiciones normales, una persona alcanza a los 30-35 años una cantidad máxima de masa ósea (“pico de masa ósea”). A partir de ese momento, existe una pérdida natural de masa ósea.
Las mujeres tienen más frecuentemente osteoporosis por varios motivos: su pico de masa ósea suele ser inferior al del varón y con la menopausia se acelera la pérdida de hueso (osteoporosis posmenopáusica).
Existen muchas otras causas de osteoporosis: alcoholismo, fármacos (glucocorticoides, tratamiento hormonal utilizado para el tratamiento de cáncer de mama y de próstata…), enfermedades inflamatorias reumáticas, endocrinas, hepáticas, insuficiencia renal, entre otras
Síntomas
La osteoporosis se denomina epidemia silenciosa porque no manifiesta síntomas hasta que la pérdida de hueso es tan importante como para que aparezcan fracturas. Las fracturas más frecuentes son las vertebrales, las de cadera y las de la muñeca (fractura de extremo distal del radio). La fractura de cadera tiene especial importancia ya que se considera un acontecimiento grave debido a que requiere intervención quirúrgica, ingreso hospitalario y supone para el paciente una pérdida de calidad de vida aunque sea por un periodo corto de tiempo.
Tratamiento
El objetivo del tratamiento de la osteoporosis es la reducción del número de fracturas por fragilidad.
Como medida generalizada se recomienda mantener hábitos de vida saludable, como una dieta equilibrada rica en calcio, abandonar el tabaco y el consumo excesivo de alcohol, así como realizar ejercicio diariamente con control para evitar caídas. Además, algunas personas pueden requerir suplementos de calcio y vitamina D.
Bibliografía: https://inforeuma.com/enfermedades-reumaticas/osteoporosis/
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