Se conoce como arritmia cardiaca a cualquier alteración del ritmo cardiaco que se produce, ya sea por algún cambio de sus características (ritmos distintos del ritmo sinusal normal) o por variaciones inadecuadas de la frecuencia.
Aunque los valores normales de la frecuencia cardiaca se encuentran entre los 60 y los 100 latidos por minuto), puede ser normal hallar cifras por debajo o por encima de estos en función de las características del individuo o la situación en la que se encuentra.
En condiciones normales el latido del corazón no es percibido. Algunas arritmias ventriculares causan pocos o ningún síntoma diagnóstico y tienen un efecto mínimo en la eficacia del bombeo del corazón especialmente cuando duran poco tiempo. De hecho, muchos adultos sanos sufrirán arritmias cortas de vez en cuando. Sin embargo, las arritmias que duran minutos, o incluso horas, pueden tener consecuencias muy serias, como reducir la cantidad de sangre que el corazón bombea al resto del cuerpo.
Causas
Las causas de la aparición de las arritmias son principalmente tres, según la Fundación del Corazón:
- El impulso eléctrico no se genera de manera adecuada.
- El impulso eléctrico surge en un sitio erróneo.
- Los caminos para la conducción eléctrica están alterados.
Síntomas
Las manifestaciones clínicas dependen del tipo de arritmia. Pueden ser variables, yendo desde arritmias con ningún síntoma hasta arrtimias que provocan repercusiones muy importantes. Los principales síntomas son:
Palpitaciones
En condiciones normales el latido del corazón no se percibe. La percepción de que el corazón late se conoce con el nombre de palpitaciones; las palpitaciones no siempre indican una situación patológica ni significan que haya taquicardia.
Síncope
Se conoce con el nombre de síncope a la pérdida relativamente brusca de la conciencia del paciente. Se caracteriza porque éste se recupera espontáneamente en un corto periodo de tiempo. Las causas de síncope pueden ser múltiples. Algunos síncopes pueden ser debidos a arritmias, tanto bradicardias como taquicardias.
Paro cardiaco
Es la situación que conlleva una pérdida de conciencia grave sin que el paciente se recupere de forma espontánea. Lo que diferencia este cuadro del síncope es que en esta situación deben de realizarse maniobras de reanimación cardiaca o de lo contrario el paciente puede fallecer en pocos minutos. Esta situación puede ser debida a diversas causas que no siempre son cardiacas, pero las arritmias graves suelen ser la causa más frecuente.
Prevención
Entre las medidas que puede tener en cuenta al paciente para evitar la formación de las arritmias destaca:
- Reducir el consumo de azúcares y grasas para reducir la hipercolesterolemia y diabetes.
- Realizar deporte de forma regular.
- No fumar.
- Consumir alcohol, té y café con moderación.
- Controlar y reducir los niveles de estrés.
Bibliografía: https://cuidateplus.marca.com/enfermedades/enfermedades-vasculares-y-del-corazon/arritmias.html
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